SS-31 (elamipretide, MTP-131) is a tetrapeptide D-Arg-2′6′-dimethyltyrosyl-Lys-Phe-NH₂, developed by Szeto and Schiller as a targeted mitochondrial molecule. Alternating positively charged (Arg, Lys) and aromatic (dimethyltyrosine, Phe) residues create an amphipathic structure with a net charge of +3 that self-concentrates on the inner mitochondrial membrane via the transmembrane potential. There, SS-31 binds cardiolipin — a unique mitochondrial phospholipid that plays a structural role in organizing respiratory chain supercomplexes and stabilizing cytochrome c. Under oxidative stress and aging, cardiolipin is oxidized, supercomplexes disassemble, and cytochrome c loses electron transport function and begins generating ROS.
SS-31 restores native cardiolipin structure through redox interaction, reassembles respiratory chain supercomplexes, and reduces proton "leakage" through the damaged membrane. The result is twofold: increased ATP synthesis efficiency and a radical reduction in mitochondrial ROS generation. In a study on aged mice, 8 weeks of SS-31 treatment reversed diastolic dysfunction — a mechanical parameter of cardiac performance that deteriorates with aging — restoring it to young control levels along with normalized mitochondrial morphology and reduced oxidative protein modifications. In parallel, SS-31 improved physical endurance in aged mice, restoring redox homeostasis in skeletal muscle.
This is "late" reversal of an existing defect — not prevention, but elimination of accumulated mitochondrial dysfunction, making SS-31 particularly valuable in gerontological protocols. Clinical trials of SS-31 (elamipretide) have been conducted in heart failure (HFpEF) and Barth syndrome (tafazzin deficiency), with promising but mixed results on hard endpoints.
⚡ Mitochondrial supercomplexes (cardiolipin): ★★★★★
❤️ Cardioprotection and reversal of cardiac aging: ★★★★★
🏃 Physical endurance (skeletal muscle): ★★★★☆
✅ Safety: ★★★★☆ (well tolerated in clinical trials; injection site reactions)
⚠️ Possible sensations and side effects: mild irritation at subcutaneous injection site; virtually no systemic AEs
🤝 Combinations (goal → stack)
⚡ Mitochondrial protocol → SS-31 + NAD+
❤️ Cardio-longevity → SS-31 + Cardiogen
🧬 Systemic mitochondrial restoration → SS-31 + Humanin
| CAS number | 736992-21-5 |
| Batch purity | 99.45 % |
Full information in our guide
https://peptideboost.club/guide/ss-31
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